The Moderating Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility on Corporate Financial Performance: Evidence from OECD Countries

This study aims to investigate the nature and intensity of the changes in corporate financial performance due to the corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosures as a result of certain relationships between corporate governance and company performance in the non-financial sector. This study selected 625 non-financial companies across six organizations for economic cooperations (OECD) countries' stock markets for the period of 10 years (2012–2021). For this qualitative study, corporate governance, financial performance, and corporate social responsibility score data were collected from the DataStream, a reliable database for examining the research on OECD countries' listed companies. For the data analysis we applied various statistical tools such as regression analysis and moderation analysis. The findings of the study show that all attributes of the corporate governance mechanism, except for audit board attendance, have significant positive impacts on financial performance indicators for all the selected OECD economies except the country France. France's code of corporate governance has a significant negative impact on return on asset (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) due to differences in cultural and operational norms of the country. The audit board attendance has no significant impact on ROA. Moreover, all the attributes except board size (BSIZ) have significant positive impacts on the earnings per share (EPS) in Spain, The United Kingdom (UK) and Belgium. The values obtained from the moderation effect show that Corporate social responsibility is the key factor in motivating corporate governance practices which eventually improves corporate financial performance. However, this study advocated the implications, Investors and stakeholders should consider both corporate governance and CSR disclosures when making investment decisions. Companies that prioritize both governance and CSR tend to have better financial performance and are more likely to mitigate risks. Moreover, the policy makers can improve the code of corporate governance in order to attain sustainable development in the stock market.

Reputation of Electric Vehicles in the Environment of Carbon Reduction and Accelerated Digitization

The accelerated digitization of the third decade of the twenty-first century poses a challenge both for science and for practice. The study presents partial results of continuous research on online reputation management of entities operating in the environment of low-carbon economy. The aim of the study is the application of a standardized methodology for calculating the Total level of Online Reputation (TOR) to determine the market position of selected Electric Vehicles (EVs) compared to the market position of conventional Vehicles with Internal Combustion Engines (ICEVs) in the online environment. The research sample consists of the ten best-selling Vehicles and the ten best-selling Electric Vehicles in the world by sales in the year 2021. Based on the measurement results and the subsequent analysis of the context, it can be concluded that the EV market shows the parameters of a developing market not only from the point of view of sales but also in terms of the overall level of Online Reputation as such. At the same time, it is possible to point out a high geographical specificity and significant disproportionality of the EV market compared to ICEVs. From the overall market perspective, the future of cars in the EV category is still unclear, as building trust in low-carbon products is limited by historical tradition. The main representatives of the EV industry thus represent the first forays of the onset of the low-carbon era in individual transport. The description of the issue will require the monitoring of status indicators over time. The results of the presented study can thus serve as a baseline and methodological framework for further research of the adoption of low-carbon policies in common practice.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Reputation Management of High-Tech Dentistry in Romania

The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the activities carried out in several fields, including dentistry, to a high extent. The purpose of this paper is to determine the respondents' perception of the image of dental practices in Romania following the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to fulfil the purpose of the research, a quantitative study was carried out, including data collection with the help of a questionnaire to 306 respondents. A multiple linear regression model was used in order to determine the type and intensity of existing links between the variables. The results illustrated that 50.8% of the variation in the dependent variable (respondents' perception of the image of dental practices) is explained by the independent variables. The results obtained in this research are very important, both for the dentists who work in private clinics and for the managers who work inside them. They will therefore be aware of the main factors that must be emphasized if they want to improve the image of the medical practice or to increase the number of patients they have. © 2022 by the authors.

The Role of Fake Review Detection in Managing Online Corporate Reputation

In a recent official statement, Google highlighted the negative effects of fake reviews on review websites and specifically requested companies not to buy and users not to accept payments to provide fake reviews (Google, 2019). Also, governmental authorities started acting against organisations that show to have a high number of fake reviews on their apps (DigitalTrends, 2018;Gov UK, 2020;ACM, 2017). However, while the phenomenon of fake reviews is well-known in industries as online journalism and business and travel portals, it remains a difficult challenge in software engineering (Martens & Maalej, 2019). Fake reviews threaten the reputation of an organisation and lead to a disvalued source to determine the public opinion about brands. Negative fake reviews can lead to confusion for customers and a loss of sales. Positive fake reviews might also lead to wrong insights about real users' needs and requirements. Although fake reviews have been studied for a while now, there are only a limited number of spam detection models available for companies to protect their corporate reputation. Especially in times with the coronavirus, organisations need to put extra focus on online presence and limit the amount of negative input that affects their competitive position which can even lead to business loss. Given state-of-the-art derived features that can be engineered from review texts, a spam detector based on supervised machine learning is derived in an experiment that performs quite well on the well-known Amazon Mechanical Turk dataset.

The Future of Medical Marketing

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, decreasing patient visits, fewer procedures and surgeries, lowered reimbursements, and rising overhead costs, doctors are looking for methods and techniques to become more efficient and more productive. Just a few decades ago, the only opportunity to promote our practices was to announce our practice in the local newspaper and include our address and phone number. Anything beyond that announcement was considered inappropriate and unethical. Fortunately, we have come a long way since the 1970s and have discovered effective and ethical methods of practice promotion. This article discusses the trends and the future of medical marking in 2022 and beyond.

The digitalization-reputation link: a multiple case-study on Italian banking groups

Purpose>This paper aims to focus on the relation between digital transformation and banks’ reputation, as examined through the information disclosed by the five largest Italian banking groups’ efforts to extend and enhance their digital resources. Considering digitalization as a key strategy for managing reputation, which, in turn, can leverage financial and value performance management, the paper investigates whether and how digital activities might affect banks’ reputation. Therefore, this paper proposes the relationship between digitalization and reputation as a lever for performance management and for increasing efficiency.Design/methodology/approach>The authors use content analysis to generate a digital disclosure index, categorizing activities human, structural and relational. For banks’ reputations, the proxies are a measure of corporate reputation and a reputational risk index. Methodologically the study used multiple case studies, considered as particularly suitable to gain an in-depth understanding of the topic in the case of the five banks. A collection of secondary data and semi-structured interviews are included.Findings>Overall, the digitalization-reputation link shows that banks’ reputation is variously affected, not only by exposure to risk (including reputational risk) but also by strategic issues such as digitalization and the effectiveness of the corresponding communication. Consequently, banks should view digitalization as a key driver to be considered not in a stand-alone perspective, but in a combined approach.Research limitations/implications>Continued research should include the Covid-19 implications. Additionally, it would be important to compare a larger number of banks, with different characteristics, also including variables indicating the corporate governance mechanisms.Practical implications>The analysis contributes to fostering scholars’ and practitioners’ management of the digital transformation challenge that is a current key-factor, capable of increasing banks’ value. It considers not only the drivers directly affecting monetary value but also the institutions’ social and relational value, as well as their reputation.Originality/value>This paper extends prior research on the digitalization-reputation relation by investigating digital transformation through disclosure of activities in this area within the Italian banking sector. It allows to leverage the key-factors that can contribute to increasing banks’ value, considering not only the drivers directly affecting monetary value but also the institutions’ social and relational value, as well as their reputation.

The Impact of Social Media Usage on Small and Micro Social Commerce Enterprises in Malaysia

[...]the upward trend of social commerce in Malaysia is due to several pull factors, such as convenience, accessibility, and transaction speed (Othman et al., 2019). [...]the current study examines the relationship between perceived usefulness, ease of use, trust, and contentment with social media use and the performance of social commerce sites and applications. [...]this research considered theoretical explanation through a Resource-Based View (Barney, 1991) to explain social commerce resources to facilitate firm competitive advantage, ultimately leading to performance (Lam, Yeung, Lo, & Cheng, 2019). [...]social media has been defined as a web-based resource capability that synergy with other firm resources. [...]RBV acts as an important theoretical lens to explain social commerce in terms of social media adoption to enhance performance.

THE METHODS OF MANAGING FOR RISK OF COMBATING MONEY LAUNDERING (LEGALIZATION) OF PROCEEDS FROM CRIME AND THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM

The article presents a comparative description of the current situation in the banking market of Ukraine, Azerbaijan Republic and Republic of Latvia, considers the main problems of modern risk management and its effectiveness in the field of combating the laundering (legalization) of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) under banking operations and transactions are at high risk of involvement in dubious operations. The article considers the risk of legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime, and analyzes the methods of managing it that exist in banking practice using the example of one of the largest banks in Eastern Europe - CB JSC "Privatbank" in Ukraine and a subsidiary bank - JS "Privatbank" Latvia. The paper formulates the main characteristics of reputational banking risk. Here is revealed of the risk of AML/CFT. The article presents characteristic of the banking market in Ukraine, Azerbaijan Republic and Republic of Latvia. Analysis the dynamics of the main indicators of banking activity over the past 5 years, as well as the activities of CB JSC "Privatbank" in Ukraine and JS "Privatbank" Latvia were provided. Considered the legislative framework that regulates banking and the management of combating the laundering (legalization) of proceeds from crime and terror financing ISM in particular, the experience of developed countries in this direction is mentioned. Based on the study, it is proposed to identify the basic principles of risk-based approaches in the process of banking management in general, as well as specifically, taking into account the specifics of the management system for AML / CFT in the implementation of banking operations in Ukraine and the Republic of Latvia;presented the recommendations to reduce reputational risks in the field of Banking.

Factors Affecting Reputational Damage to Organisations Due to Cyberattacks

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought massive online activities and increased cybersecurity incidents and cybercrime. As a result of this, the cyber reputation of organisations has also received increased scrutiny and global attention. Due to increased cybercrime, reputation displaying a more important role within risk management frameworks both within public and private institutions is vital. This study identifies key factors in determining reputational damage to public and private sector institutions through cyberattacks. Researchers conducted an extensive review of the literature, which addresses factors relating to risk management of reputation post-cyber breach. The study identified 42 potential factors, which were then classified using the STAR model. This model is an organisational design framework and was suitable due to its alignment with organisations. A qualitative study using semi-structured and structured questions was conducted with purposively selected cybersecurity experts in both public and private sector institutions. Data obtained from the expert forum were analysed using thematic analysis, which revealed that a commonly accepted definition for cyber reputation was lacking despite the growing use of the term “online reputation”. In addition, the structured questions data were analysed using relative importance index rankings. The analysis results revealed significant factors in determining reputational damage due to cyberattacks, as well as highlighting reputation factor discrepancies between private and public institutions. Theoretically, this study contributes to the body of knowledge relating to cybersecurity of organisations. Practically, this research is expected to aid organisations to properly position themselves to meet cyber incidents and become more competitive in the post-COVID-19 era.

We’re All in This Together: Legitimacy and Coronavirus-Oriented CSR Messaging

This study investigates how legitimization strategies embedded in CSR messages related to the COVID-19 pandemic influenced multidimensional stakeholder assessments of reputation. The results of this 3 × 2 × 2 experimental survey, which manipulated pragmatic and moral legitimacy using three conditions (self- vs. other- vs. both-oriented messaging);substantive and symbolic management (informative vs. uninformative content);and popularization and standardization approaches (leadership vs. followership), indicate that popularization strategies communicated substantively and standardization strategies communicated symbolically generally yield the greatest reputational gains. More nuanced findings from three-way interaction effects are further discussed, with an emphasis on the role of double-sided messages seeking to simultaneously establish pragmatic and moral legitimacy.

Australia's Crisis Responses During COVID-19: The Case of International Students

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the global international education sector has been fraught with multiple, intensifying stressors, which have severely affected international students' lives and study. Host government policies on international education can make a critical difference for this vulnerable population during the pandemic. Australia's crisis response policies during the pandemic have been closely tracked and vigorously discussed amongst Chinese international students. This study examines how Australia's crisis responses addressed the needs of international students during the pandemic, and how these policies impacted Chinese international students' experiences and perceptions of studying in Australia. We collected qualitative data through interviews with Chinese international students, parents and migration agents, virtual ethnography on WeChat, and analysis of Australia's policy responses. Our thematic analysis highlights participants' experiences and views of Australia's crisis responses in the four areas of financing, third-country transit, visas and immigration, and pandemic management. We discuss these findings in relation to the historical context of Australia's higher education funding reforms during the 1980s and 1990s.

Online Social Network Interactions (OSNI): A Novel Online Reputation Management Solution

The development and popularity of social media have expanded the concept of reputation in the online realm. Yet, domain experts sill lack solutions to manage online reputation. In this paper, we propose an Online Social Network Interactions (OSNI) solution that uses sentiment analysis techniques to assess, monitor, and visualize social media content for online reputation management purposes. To verify and validate the design and architecture of our solution, we present an online reputation management case study of three COVID-19 vaccines;Pfizer BioNTech, Oxford-AstraZeneca, and Johnson Johnson. The analysis of the collected data and the obtained results demonstrate how our OSNI solution contributes to the development of online reputation management. © 2021 IEEE.

How regulatory changes are driven by a need for control in reputational scandals: a case study in the German insurance industry

PurposeThis paper aims to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms that evolve during reputational scandals and lead to changes in industry regulation. It explores the processes by which a demand for external industry regulation evolves, also addressing the consequences of firms’ competitive behaviors which lead to substantial misbehavior and the destruction of reputational capital. The authors are interested in whether and how regulatory activities – in the case analyzed here, changes in insurance regulation regarding sales commissions for insurance brokers – are used as a costly, external behavioral control mechanism (third-loop learning) to terminate a reputational scandal that cannot be stopped by internal controls at a firm level (first-loop and second-loop learning) anymore.Design/methodology/approachThe paper explores a real-life case in the German insurance industry that peaked in 2012 and has been well documented by broad media coverage, complemented by interviews with leading industry representatives. Using causal process tracing as a methodology, the authors study the factors in the case that led to an industry scandal. The authors further analyze why the insurance firms involved were not able to limit the scandal’s impact by internally controlling their behaviors, but had to call for external regulation, thus imposing costly restrictions on sales and contract processes. To identify the mechanisms underlying this result, theories from the fields of economics (game theory) and sociology (vicious cycle of bureaucracies), as well as organizational learning theory, are used.FindingsThe authors find that individual rationality does not suffice to prevent insurance firms from scandalous business practices, e.g. via implementing appropriate internal behavioral control measures within their organizations. If, as a result, misbehavior leads to reputational scandals, and the destruction of reputational capital spills over to the whole industry, a vicious cycle is set in motion which can be terminated by regulation as an externally enforced control mechanism.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is limited to the analysis of a single case study, combining published materials, e.g. broad media coverage, with interviews from representatives of the insurance industry. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms that have been identified can be used in other case studies as well.Practical implicationsThe paper shows that if firms want to avoid increasing regulation, they must implement strong reputational risk management (RRM) to counteract short-term profit pressure and to avoid restrictive regulation imposed on the industry as a whole. Furthermore, it sheds light on the relevance of spillover effects for RRM, as not only employee behavior within an organization might lead to the destruction of reputational capital but also that from other firms, e.g. from elsewhere within an industry.Originality/valueThe paper contributes by emphasizing a direct causal link between corporate scandals, loss of reputation and regulatory change within the insurance industry. Furthermore, the paper contributes by combining economic theories with organizational theories to understand real-life phenomena.